What are common complications associated with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus?

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus can lead to several significant health complications, primarily due to prolonged elevated blood glucose levels. Neuropathy, one of the key complications, involves damage to the nerves, which can result in pain, tingling, or loss of sensation, particularly in the extremities. Retinopathy refers to damage to the blood vessels in the retina, which can lead to vision problems or even blindness. Additionally, individuals with uncontrolled diabetes are at a higher risk for cardiovascular disease, as high blood sugar can damage blood vessels and nerves that control the heart, leading to conditions such as heart attacks and strokes.

These complications arise because chronic high glucose levels can cause a variety of systemic changes in the body, including inflammation and damage to vascular tissues, which affect organs and systems over time. Proper management of blood glucose levels through medication, diet, and lifestyle changes is essential to prevent or mitigate these complications. Understanding these risks highlights the importance of monitoring and controlling diabetes effectively.